Genetic Engineering (GE) is also known as Genetic Modification or Genetic Manipulation . It is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genes using biotechnology . GE is a blend of techniques used for identification, replication, modification, and transfer of genetic material. In 1973, Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen were the first to accomplish the process of transferring genes from one organism to another—transgenesis, the first artificial genetic modification accomplished using biotechnology. The series of advancements in techniques allowed the direct modification of the genome. The discovery of restriction enzymes and DNA ligases, the ability to design plasmids, and technologies like polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were few of the advances that happened over the years. The practice of GE is not new; it started way back with the process of fermentation, beer, and yogurt production. Over the years, innova...
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